Commercial interests not only drove U.S. policy in Asia, but also shaped public opinion about it. How does the "Prelude to the Scramble" (Visual Source 18.1) differ from "From the Cape to Cairo" (Visual Source 18.3)?, 2. Brewer, Susan. Regarding the Philippines in particular, he continues: without any desire or design on our part, the war has brought us new duties and responsibilities which we must meet and discharge as becomes a great nation on whose growth and career from the beginning the ruler of nations has plainly written the high command and pledge of civilization. The banners of both side pronounce fidelity to the golden rule., Boxer banner (Chinese forces flags): Do not do unto others what you would not that others should do unto you. The penetration of missionaries into the interior of China, for example, destabilized rural economies and incited anti-foreign sentiments. To the Person Sitting in Darkness addressed Great Britains Boer War as well as the Philippine conquest and Boxer intervention. Murphy, Erin L. "Women's Anti-Imperialism, 'The White Man's Burden,' and the Philippine-American War,"The Asia-Pacific Journal, Vol. Japan is introduced in this 1899 cartoon as the lone Asian nation in the imperialist circle of world powers. Source:Library of Congress. Ships for American commerce a speciality., Right: Uncle Sam proudly displays his new steamship and a sign that reads, Uncle Sam the ship builder re-established with great success in 1893. 1345 (1902 December 10), centerfold. It allows prisoners to enjoy the view from the outside and have the illusion of freedom (Official Report to the War Office. Do the Access Advisory or Call Number fields above indicate that a non-digital surrogate exists, Follow. Wake / J. Ottmann Lith. A cartoon published in May, 1899 over the caption And Peace Shall Rule offered a female angel of peace flying over a globe (turned to Asia and the Pacific) hoisted by John Bull and Uncle Sam. Good Will to Nobody., The Poet, the President & The White Mans Burden, Rudyard Kiplings poem that begins with the line Take up the White Mans burden was published in the United States in the February, 1899 issue of McClures Magazine, as the American war against the First Philippine Republic began to escalate. Simultaneously, the war against Spain in Cuba and the Caribbean saw the U.S. seizure of Cubas Guantanamo Bay in June, giving the U.S. a naval base retained into the 21st century. 1, July 6, 2015. Titled Dream of the Empress of China, the dream is an obvious nightmare, as the sardonic sub-caption makes clear. To maintain its position in the international balance of power, Britain needed allies. Alternatively, you can purchase copies of various types through - Illustrated by A. D. McCormick, with fold-out color map. Les Camps de Reconcentration au Transvaal. In this blatantly racist rendering, Americas newly subjugated people appear far more primitive and barbaric than the older empires load. Co., Puck Bldg. Uncle Sam and John Bull, as fellow soldiers, survey the globe from a parapet. Print shows John Bull attempting to reassure Uncle Sam that the storm clouds labeled "Philippine C Theodore Roosevelt critiques a chapter of Elbert F. Baldwin's book, The World War: How it Looks t A bruised John Bull offers a "Tonic" of "Financial Help" and "Liberal Treatment" to an injured and Library of Congress Prints and Photographs. In an 1898 two-page spread in Puck, female symbols of the two nations, Columbia and Britannia, meet as mother and daughter to celebrate their reunion After Many Years. Wearing archaic breastplates and helmets, with trident and sword, these outsized, archetypal crusaders helm modern warships. 1 print : chromolithograph. Un treillage de fer travers par un courant lectrique est la plus saine et la plus sre des cltures. Boxers practiced spirit-possession rituals, often meeting in Buddhist temples, and attacked Christian missionaries and Chinese converts. The dream reached its most audacious dimensions in Cecil Rhodes's ill-fated plans for a Cape-to-Cairo railway. 1900) and starlight from a goddess of civilization. The Exploration of Africa: From Cairo to the Cape ( French: L'Afrique des explorateurs : Vers les sources du Nil, lit. From the Cape to Cairo. In the eyes of the West, China was dangerously close to chaos as the new century began. Please use the following steps to determine whether you need to fill out a call slip in the Prints A Red-Letter Day. 4, pp. (This coincided with the annexation of Hawaii as a U.S. territory in congressional votes in June and July of the same year.) Boxer attacks on Western infrastructure and the siege of foreign diplomats in Beijing gave the international powers a pretext for entering China with military force. That dragon must be killed before our troubles can be adjusted. China peeps over the wall. The Native: Ever since my home was burned to the ground and my wife and children shot.. Klein, Thoralf. Save the republic : Anti-imperialist leaflet no. Copyright 1902 by Keppler & Schwarzmann. Mish Mish Effendi cartoon 1930s. The image exhibits a racist hierarchy that places a dominant white American male in the center, and on the fringes, an African-American washing the windows and Native-American reading a primer upside down. Jean Veber,LAssiette au Beurre, September 28, 1901. Despite public neutrality, the U.S. and Britain covertly supported each other. In often searing graphics, they challenged the complacent propagandists for Western expansion by addressing (and illustrating) a devastating question about the savage wars of peace. Turning to China, his stinging indictment extended beyond the two Anglo powers to target the Kaisers Germany plus Tsarist Russia and France. the Prints and Photographs Reading Room. record ("About This Item") with your request. In 1927, Mashonaland Railways was renamed Rhodesia Railways as efforts were underway to expand the country's rail system. Co., Puck Bldg., 1902 December 10. In this mocking Life cartoon, a Chinese man with an overturned Bible at his feet laughs ironically at how both the Bible and Uncle Sam relish scenes of slaughter. Powered by WordPress. Now clad in armor and carrying a spear, she threatens to intervene to stop the anti-foreign, anti-Christian acts of anarchy, murder, and riot that have spread to Beijing. 77-99 (2011). | Print shows John Bull attempting to reassure Uncle Sam that the storm clouds labeled "Philippine Complications" blowing in from the right will soon pass; he gestures toward 1 print : chromolithograph. A more earthly approach is taken in the graphic Some One Must Back Up that heads this essay. Periodicals like Life in the U.S. (predecessor to the later famous weekly of the same title), as well as French and German publications, printed both poignant and outraged visual arguments against the imperialist tide, often with acute sensitivity to its racist underpinnings. Our Christmas Tree. Udo Keppler,Puck, December 27, 1899. Appelbaum, Stanley. Translated from Russian. Ask A Librarian service or call the reading room between 8:30 and 11 [-21]. Now there are thirteen on this one street! Ask A Librarian service or call the reading room between 8:30 and (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1938). The expedition met with unexpectedly fierce opposition from Boxers and Qing dynasty troops and was forced to retreat. The small print under this graphic quoted these lines from McKinleys speech: Teaching them the truth of the common fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man, and showing that if we are not our brothers keepers we can be our brothers helpers., William! A scrawny female figure in the background appears to be a skull-faced depiction of Britannia, grown thin and solitary through endless pursuit of war. U.S. The cause of the explosion is still undetermined. https://www.theodorerooseveltcenter.org/Research/Digital-Library/Record?libID=o276287. A pair of 1898 graphics offer before and after snapshots related to two major events. description Summary Illustration shows Britannia carrying a large white flag labeled "Civilization" with British soldiers and colonists behind her, advancing on a horde of natives, one carrying a flag labeled "Barbarism". LC-DIG-ppmsca-25696 (digital file from original print). Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division. The North American Review. LAC nsk 2021-10-04 create (1 card), Printed Ephemera Collection (Library of Congress) - Anti-Imperialist League (Washington, D.C.), Horrible nightmare of a worthy old gentleman. The U.S. must govern its new territories with or without their consent until they can govern themselves. Veneration of Britains treatment of colonies as a positive model attests to the significant shift in the American world view given U.S. origins in relation to the mother country. In this rendering, progresseconomic, technological, and culturalis spread through global military aggression. The aggressive quest for new marketsChinas millions being the most covetedwas justified as part of the benevolent and inevitable spread of progress. In a post-Bismarck era, Germany was a late-comer to the colonial land grab in Africa and the Pacific. Uncle Sam breaks up a fight between students identified as Cuban Ex-Patriot and Guerilla in his New Class in the Art of Self-Government. The famous white-haired general, Mximo Gmez, a master of insurgency tactics in the Cuban Independence War (18951898) reads a book with his name on it. Despite several victories in the battle for Tianjin, chaotic Chinese forces melted away before the Allied advance. Source:Library of Congress, Left: John Bull gapes at a new American steamer. No quarter will be given! From the Cape to Cairo / Keppler. The caption refers to a Bible passage in which belief is nearly, but not completely reached. Gambone described the portraits as, a testament to the weakness of McKinley, the overarching power of Hanna, and the Trust interests that supported expansion of American business into the Pacific.. Source:Library of Congress. a convenience, and may not be complete or accurate. When applied to people and cultures, the survival of the fittest doctrine gave wealthy, technologically-advanced countries not only the right to dominate backward nations, but an imperative and duty to bring them into the modern world. Anti-imperialist protesters were often feminized as weak nervous Nellies and, in a play on words, as aunties. Antiwar graphics, on the other hand, informed the public about the darker side of imperial campaigns. 1 print : chromolithograph. The Pigtail Has Got to Go. Louis Dalrymple,Puck, October 19, 1898. Source:The Ohio State University Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum. The Boxer Uprising was a godsend for the righteous exponents of a world divided, between the civilized West and barbaric Others. 11 [-21]. All Missionaries and Converts Being Exterminated. (The artist signed his name on the grave on the lower right.). In all likelihood, it was an internal malfunction, but many Americans blamed the Spanish and rallied behind the slogan Remember the Maine, to Hell with Spain. The United States declared war on Spain on April 20, and the fury kindled by the sinking of the Maine was appeased by a great U.S. naval victory on the other side of the world two and a half months later. 1898, Donaldson Litho Co. Close behind them lie corpses from the Franco-Prussian War, Russia and Turkey, Napoleon and Austria. Far off in the distance, with labels reading Roman Wars and Alexandria, the artists carries his viewers back to ancient times, when the civilization myth first emerged to mask the brutal realities of politically-motivated conflicts. He has been a contributing editor to Wired, Discover . By the end of 1898, a succession of U.S. military successes and territorial acquisitions reinforced the image of the United States standing side by side with Great Britain in bringing civilization and peace to the world. In many cases, the originals can be served in a few minutes. By the spring of 1900, Boxer attacks were spreading toward the capital city of Beijing. Chinas hapless young Manchu emperor, traditionally and exotically robed, sits passively in the foreground. Cohen, Paul A. Source:Library of Congress. Barbarie Civilisation. Full caption: It's all a matter of perspective. An elaborate Puck graphic from early in 1899 called School Begins incorporates all the players in a classroom scene to illustrate the legitimacy of governing without consent. A priest of the Church of England, his father served as curate of Brentwood Essex for fifteen years, until 1849, when he became the vicar of Bishop's Stortford, where . N.Y. : J. Ottmann Lith. It evoked both the fact that the bulk of the U.S. force was made up of units from the Midwestern states. In a striking Judge graphic, an Auto-Truck of Civilization and Trade lights a pathway through the darkness, leading with a gun and the message: Force if Necessary. Overladen with manufactured goods and modern technology, the vehicle is driven by a resolute Uncle Sam. Source:Library of Congress. Do the Access Advisory or Call Number fields above indicate that a non-digital surrogate exists, What can an observer infer about the role of native Africans in French colonial conquests from "Conquest and Competition" (Visual Source 18.2)?, 3. Uncle Sam, armed and dangerous, cocks an eyebrow as he displays his handiwork: countless dead Filipino soldiers laid out in rows. Based on the image or your research, what historical event or imperialist practice is this referencing? Caption: Though the process be costly, the road to progress must be cut. A Rival Who Has Come to Stay: Naval Power. How did the US attempt to justify Imperialism. Source: Beinecke Rare Books & Manuscripts, Yale University, A white, feminine personification of Civilization (written on her cloak) radiates light over the aged figure of China (written on his hem) running away and shielding himself with a parasol. Lucky Filipinos: the Philippine-American War. A Rival Who Has Come to Stay. Most viewers will probably agree that there is nothing really comparable in the contemporary world of political cartooning to the drafting skill and flamboyance of these single-panel graphics, which appeared in such popular periodicals as Puck and Judge. If an image is displaying, you can download it yourself. As the U.S. moved into the Pacific, Chinas millions represented an enticing new market, but the eruption of the anti-Christian, anti-foreign Boxer movement threatened the civilizing mission there. 27-1-09 (July 6, 2009). 62, Issue 4,pp. The anti-imperialist Life magazine was similarly attuned to the hypocrisy of cloaking military violence in pious rhetoric. Page updated: Civilization and barbarism were vividly portrayed in the visual record. Phillips, Richard and Jones, Rhys. Backed by the formidable Royal Navy, Britain could maintain a policy of splendid isolation independent of European alliances for much of the century. such as microfilm or copy prints? William!! 730-735 (2008). Good Will to Nobody.Life, January 4, 1900, Source: Widener Library, Harvard University, UnlikePuckandJudge, Life was often highly critical of U.S. overseas expansion. Elle permet aux prisonniers de jouir de la vue du dehors et davoir ainsi lillusion de la libert (Rapport officiel au War Office. The belief in racial/cultural superiority that fueled the British empire embraced the U.S. in Anglo-Saxonism based on common heritage and language. But by the 1890s, emerging industrial powerhouses like the U.S. and Germany reduced Britains industrial dominance. Fears that China would descend into chaos and xenophobia justified intervention to safeguard the spread of modernity, civilization, and trade. Heine used the pages of Simplicissimusto denounce the atrocious conduct of Prussian troops during the Allied intervention in China, where the German forces obviously took to heart Wilhelm IIs exhortation to show no mercy. Cairo and Cape Town, the twin citadels of British power and presence in Africa. Co., Puck Bldg. The U.S. entered the elite group of world powers with victories in the Spanish-American War (written in the clouds over the naval battle on the right). Source:William H. Walker Cartoon Collection, Princeton University Library. 'Explorers in Africa: To the Sources of the Nile') is a 1991 illustrated monograph on the European exploration of Africa. https://www.loc.gov/item/2010652189/. Please use the following steps to determine whether you need to fill out a call slip in the Prints Texas and U.S.S. Oer The Land of the Free and the Home of the Brave? (Shannon: Irish University Press, 1972)(New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1972). Includes bibliographical references and index. A more earthly approach is taken in the graphic Some One Must Back Up that heads this essay. Uneasiness over the idea of using force to govern a country was overcome by tracing the issue of consent back through recent history. Few new vessels were commissioned until the 1880s when the first battleships were built, U.S.S. In these details, the headlight of a modern vehicle (Judge, 1900) and starlight from a goddess of civilization (Puck, 1898) illuminate demeaning caricatures of China. The Presidents Speech. William Bengough,Life, May 24, 1900. In his 1898 notes for the Treaty of Pariswhich ended the Spanish-American War with Spain surrendering Cuba and ceding territories including Puerto Rico, Guam, and the PhilippinesMcKinley made a prototypical statement of the civilizers responsibilities in the kind of rhetoric still used today: We took up arms only in obedience to the dictates of humanity and in the fulfillment of high public and moral obligations. The war with the Boers (who were ethnically Dutch and Afrikaans-speaking) took place in the South African Republic (Transvaal) and Orange Free State. Many peasants vaguely suspected of being Boxers were executed. . And yet Uncle Sam is always giving money to save the Heathen. Samuel D. Ehrhart,Puck, September 8, 1897. Illus. Given the fact that Twain was famous and widely admired for his outspokenness, it is especially disconcerting to learn that he and his close supporters concluded that challenging the mystique of civilization and progress in such stark terms was not feasible given the political and religious fervor of the times. In Pucks October 19, 1898 cover, Civilization holds China by his queue, labeled Worn Out Traditions, ready to cut it off with the shears of 19th Century Progress. The helpless mandarin tries to run away. Source:Bibliothque nationale de France. Beginning in 1896, the British carried out military expeditions in Sudan in order to reassert control over the Upper Nile region. "To the Person Sitting in Darkness." the younger Keppler also contributed cartoons, and became co-owner of the magazine after his father's death, when he changed his name to Joseph Keppler. What historical event or imperialist practice is this referencing? The Stranger: How long have you been civilized? An exceptionally vivid cartoon version of Kiplings message titled The White Mans Burden (Apologies to Rudyard Kipling) was published in Judge on April 1, 1899. advise you in both how to fill out a call slip and when the item can be served. Source:Library of Congress. Though the Process Be Costly, The Road of Progress Must Be Cut, states that progress must be pursued despite suffering on both sides. Vol. In the U.S., despite spirited resistance from Anglophobic Irish immigrants and anti-imperialist leagues, overseas military campaigns gradually gained public support. Pages. In the centerfold of the August 16, 1899 issue of Puck, the not-so-cynical Keppler extended his feminization of global power politics to other great nations including a new arrival on the scene: Japan. As you can see, he stands on the continent of Africa with one foot on the southern tip of Africa and the other at the northern coast. Chinas Worn Out Traditionsrepresented by the queue hairstyle required during the Qing dynastyare about to be cut with the shears of 19th Century Progress., Nearly two years later, in the midst of the Boxer Uprising, Puck was still resorting to the same sort of stereotyped juxtaposition. First Lessons in Self Government. The paper on desk reads: The New Class. is the caption of a cartoon by Pucks Udo Keppler in which Confucius and Jesus Christ look down on the warring Boxers and missionaries. Illustration shows Britannia carrying a large white flag labeled "Civilization" with British soldiers and colonists behind her, advancing on a horde of natives, one carrying a flag labeled "Barbarism". (In the 1900 elections, Bryan ran on an anti-imperialist platform and was again defeated by McKinley.) Date 1902 December 10. Each sign is topped by the word Wanted and the goods listed include trolley lines, electric lights, water-works, sewers, paving, asphalt roads, watches, clocks, wagons, carriages, trucks, 100,000 bridges, 500,000 engines, 2 million cars, 4 million rails, 100,000 RR stations, cotton goods, telegraph, telephone, stoves, lamps, petroleum, medicines, chemicals, disinfectants, 50 million reaping machines, 100 million plows, and 50 million sewing machines. Long-standing personifications and visual symbols for countries were used by cartoonists to dramatize events to suit their message. Their uniforms are oddly reminiscent of the Revolutionary War that had seen them as bitter adversaries a little more than a century earlier. French artists, on the other hand, leveled charges of barbarism against Great Britain and other imperial powers, including their own country, in vivid graphics.

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